Most Of my friends who are visiting this blog calls me and ask me – where do you get these fruits ? Are You a Fruitarian ?
I really Appreciate those friends taking interest in eating healthy diet and my answer to their question is –Some Fruit are not available in india , Mainly it is found outside Asia ,And of course , I am not a Fruitarian ,I suggest instead of taking a multivitamin tablet, it is better to eat fruits daily,
Your comments are always welcome in my inbox dailyonefruit@gmail.com.
Have a happy life – make your life happy… Cheers
The fruit Apricot is called as Ծիրան in Armenian .
The fruit Apple is called as Apple- ը in Armenian .
The fruit Avocado (Butter fruit) is called as Ավոկադո in Armenian .
The fruit Banana is called as Բանան in Armenian .
The fruit Blueberry is called as Հապալաս in Armenian .
The fruit Cantaloupe is called as Cantaloupe in Armenian .
The fruit Coconut is called as Կոկոս in Armenian .
The fruit Custard Apple is called as Apple- ի խառնուրդ in Armenian .
The fruit Cherry is called as Չերի in Armenian .
The fruit Dates is called as Ամսաթվեր in Armenian .
The fruit Fig is called as Նկար in Armenian .
The fruit Gooseberry is called as Գոգնոց in Armenian .
The fruit Grapes is called as Խաղող in Armenian .
The fruit Guava is called as Գուավա in Armenian .
The fruit Jackfruit is called as Ջեք պտուղը in Armenian .
The fruit Jambu fruit / bell fruit is called as Jambu պտուղը in Armenian .
The fruit kiwi is called as կիվի in Armenian .
The fruit Lemon is called as Կիտրոն in Armenian .
The fruit Lime is called as Լայմ in Armenian .
The fruit Mango is called as Մանգո in Armenian .
The fruit Mulberry is called as Թութ in Armenian .
The fruit Musk Melon is called as Մուսկո մածուն in Armenian .
The fruit Orange is called as Orange- ը in Armenian .
The fruit Papaya is called as Պապայա in Armenian .
The fruit Pear is called as Տանձ in Armenian .
The fruit Pineapple is called as Արքայախնձոր in Armenian .
The fruit Pomegranate is called as Նռան in Armenian .
The fruit Sapota is called as Սապոտա in Armenian .
The fruit Plum is called as Սալոր in Armenian .
The fruit Sweetlime is called as Sweetlime- ը in Armenian .
The fruit Watermelon is called as Ձմերուկ in Armenian .
The fruit Tomato is called as Լոլիկ in Armenian .
Fruits can not be given to babies between 1 to 7 months
Breast milk or formula milk is said to be the best and compulsory food for Babies of age between 1 month to 7 months, since they are very sensitive in digestion. It is said that only babies after 7 months of the age, get their tummy strong to absorb solid foods. Fruits are not recommended to the babies below 7 months of age because mother’s milk contains necessary important minerals and calcium, vitamin B2, and vitamin B12 that are necessary for baby growth.
Some of the reasons why fruits are not allowed for the Babies Aged between 1 month to 7 months are Fruit juices are high in natural sugars Fruit juices are acidic in nature. Fruit juices can damage your baby’s teeth. Citrus fruits like oranges, lemons and limes should be avoided since it makes more sensitive and create acidity for baby’s tummy.
What are the fruits that can be given to babies
Fruits that can be given to babies at 7 months
for a soft and smooth digestion are Apple , Grapes , banana , Pears .
Dilute any Fruit juice such that least one-part Fruit juice to 10 parts waters. To protect baby’s teeth, provide diluted fruit juice in a bottle. Apple, Grapes, banana, Pears fruits that can be given to babies above 7 months in the form of mashed or puree with or without cooking.
Apple – Apple rich in Vitamins and minerals shall be given as first food for babies above 7 months. Apple contain two types of fibers – insoluble fiber and soluble fiber help in maintaining bowel movement and avoid constipation, diarrhea and help in good absorption in babies. Apple can be cooked before making puree or sauce, so that it will be more easier for the babies to digest. Recommended Apple Recipes for babies above 7 months – Apple Sauce , Apple Puree .
Pears – Pears are high in fiber, potassium, Vitamin C but zero in sodium, saturated fats or cholesterol. Pear Fruits act as remedy for baby’s constipation. Pears best suit for babies to give a soft digestion and avoid the reflux suffering. Pears make the tummy gentle in digestion. Pears can be cooked before making puree or sauce, so that it will be easier for the babies to digest. Recommended PearsRecipes for babies above 7 months – Apples Pears Puree, Pears Puree.
Banana – Bananas are rich antioxidant that has high Latex, help in easy digestion for babies above 7 months of age. Pears can be cooked before making puree or sauce, so that it will be easier for the babies to digest. Banana can be given raw without cooking for babies. Recommended BananaRecipes for babies above 7 months – Banana Puree.
Grape – Grape juice protect against infection caused by bad bacteria and help in easy digestion for babies above 7 months of age. Grape Juice can be given raw without cooking for babies. Recommended Grapes Recipes for babies above 7 months – Grape juice.
Fruits that can be given to babies above 7 months or 12 months
Strawberries, Raw Strawberries, Raspberries, Blackberries may cause allergy risk in certain babies from 6 months to 12 months of age. So, berries are recommended for babies above 1 year.
Citrus or Acidic Fruits– Citrus is very acidic may cause rashes and tummy upsets in certain babies from 6 months to 12 months of age. So Citrus fruits are recommended for babies above 1 year.
Papaya– Papaya rich in vitamin A, help in good digestion for babies above 7 months of age since it contains enzyme called papain. Papaya can be raw or cooked before making puree or sauce, so that it will be easier for the babies to digest. Recommended PapayaRecipes for babies above 7 months – Papaya Puree.
Avocados is a powerful nutrient booster
Avocado– Avocado supply essential vitamins, minerals and fats that aids in easy digestion for babies above 7 months of age. Avocado Juice can be given raw without cooking, for babies. Recommended Avocado Recipes for babies above 7 months – Avocado with milk.
The fruit Apricot is called as Apricot in Lao .
The fruit Apple is called as ຫມາກໂປມ in Lao .
The fruit Avocado (Butter fruit) is called as Avocado (Butter fruit) in Lao .
The fruit Banana is called as ກ້ວຍ in Lao .
The fruit Blueberry is called as Blueberry in Lao .
The fruit Cantaloupe is called as Cantaloupe in Lao .
The fruit Coconut is called as ຫມາກພ້າວ in Lao .
The fruit Custard Apple is called as Custard Apple in Lao .
The fruit Cherry is called as Cherry in Lao .
The fruit Dates is called as ວັນທີ່ in Lao .
The fruit Fig is called as ຊາວ in Lao .
The fruit Gooseberry is called as Gooseberry in Lao .
The fruit Grapes is called as ຜັກທຽມ in Lao .
The fruit Guava is called as ຝລັ່ງ in Lao .
The fruit Jackfruit is called as Jackfruit in Lao .
The fruit Jambu fruit / bell fruit is called as ຜົນລະໄມ້ຫມາກກົວ in Lao .
The fruit kiwi is called as kiwi in Lao .
The fruit Lemon is called as ປູນຂາວ in Lao .
The fruit Lime is called as ປູນຂາວ in Lao .
The fruit Mango is called as Mango in Lao .
The fruit Mulberry is called as Mulberry in Lao .
The fruit Musk Melon is called as Musk Melon in Lao .
The fruit Orange is called as ສີສົ້ມ in Lao .
The fruit Papaya is called as Papaya in Lao .
The fruit Pear is called as Pear in Lao .
The fruit Pineapple is called as ຫມາກນັດ in Lao .
The fruit Pomegranate is called as Pomegranate in Lao .
The fruit Sapota is called as Sapota in Lao .
The fruit Plum is called as Plum in Lao .
The fruit Sweetlime is called as ປູນຂາວຫວານ in Lao .
The fruit Watermelon is called as ຫມາກໂມ in Lao .
The fruit Tomato is called as ຫມາກເລັ່ນ in Lao .
List of Fruit names in English , Telugu , Marathi , Gujarati Language
English
Telugu
Kannada
Marathi
Gujarati
Apricot
నేరేడు Nērēḍu
ಏಪ್ರಿಕಾಟ್ Ēprikāṭ
जर्दाळू Jardāḷū
જરદાળુ Jaradāḷu
Apple
ఆపిల్ Āpil
ಆಪಲ್ Āpal
ऍपल Ĕpala
સફરજન Sapharajana
Avocado (Butter fruit)
అవోకాడో Avōkāḍō
ಆವಕಾಡೊ Āvakāḍo
अॅव्हॅकॅडो A̔ĕvhĕkĕḍō
એવોકેડો Ēvōkēḍō
Banana
అరటి Araṭi
ಬಾಳೆಹಣ್ಣು Bāḷehaṇṇu
केळ्या Kēḷyā
બનાના Banānā
Blueberry
బ్లూబెర్రీ Blūberrī
ಬೆರಿಹಣ್ಣಿನ Berihaṇṇina
ब्ल्यूबेरी Blyūbērī
બ્લુબેરી Blubērī
Cantaloupe
కాంటాలోప్ Kāṇṭālōp
ಕ್ಯಾಂಟಲೋಪ್ Kyāṇṭalōp
कांटोलूप Kāṇṭōlūpa
કેન્ટાલોપ Kēnṭālōpa
Coconut
కొబ్బరి Kobbari
ತೆಂಗಿನ ಕಾಯಿ Teṅgina kāyi
नारळ Nāraḷa
નારિયેળ Nāriyēḷa
Custard Apple
సీతాఫలం Sītāphalaṁ
ಸೀತಾಫಲ Sītāphala
सीताफळ Sītāphaḷa
સીતાફળ Sītāphaḷa
Dates
ఖర్జూరం
ಉತ್ತುತ್ತೆ
तारखा Tārakhā
તારીખ Tārīkha
Fig
అత్తి Atti
ಅಂಜೂರ An̄jūra
अंजीर An̄jīra
ફિગ Phiga
Gooseberry
ఉన్నత జాతి పండు రకము Unnata jāti paṇḍu rakamu
ಗೂಸ್ಬೆರ್ರಿ Gūsberri
हिरवी फळे येणारे एक झाड Hiravī phaḷē yēṇārē ēka jhāḍa
ગૂસબેરી Gūsabērī
Grapes
ద్రాక్ష Drākṣa
ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿಗಳು Drākṣigaḷu
द्राक्षे Drākṣē
દ્રાક્ષ Drākṣa
Guava
జామ Jāma
ಗೌವಾ Gauvā
पेआवा Pē'āvā
પેરુ Pēru
Jackfruit
పనస Panasa
ಜ್ಯಾಕ್ಫುಟ್ Jyākphuṭ
फणस Phaṇasa
જેકફ્રૂટ Jēkaphrūṭa
Jambu fruit / bell fruit
పండు పండు Paṇḍu paṇḍu
ઘંટડી ફળ Ghaṇṭaḍī phaḷa
घंटा फळ Ghaṇṭā phaḷa
ઘંટડી ફળ Ghaṇṭaḍī phaḷa
Lemon fruit
నిమ్మకాయ పండు Nim'makāya paṇḍu
ನಿಂಬೆ ಹಣ್ಣು Nimbe haṇṇu
लिंबू फळ Limbū phaḷa
લીંબુ ફળ Līmbu phaḷa
Lime fruit
సున్నం పండు Sunnaṁ paṇḍu
ನಿಂಬೆ ಹಣ್ಣು Nimbe haṇṇu
लिंबू फळ Limbū phaḷa
ચૂનો ફળ Cūnō phaḷa
Mango
మామిడి Māmiḍi
ಮಾವು Māvu
आंबा Āmbā
કેરી Kērī
Mulberry
మల్బరీ Malbarī
ಮಲ್ಬೆರಿ Malberi
तुतीची Tutīcī
શેતૂર Śētūra
Musk Melon
మస్క్ మెలోన్ Mask melōn
ಮಸ್ಕ್ಮೆಲೋನ್ Maskmelōn
Muskmelon
મસ્કમિલોન Maskamilōna
Orange
ఆరెంజ్ Āren̄j
ಕಿತ್ತಳೆ Kittaḷe
ऑरेंज Ŏrēn̄ja
નારંગી Nāraṅgī
Papaya
బొప్పాయి Boppāyi
ಪಪಾಯ Papāya
पपई Papa'ī
પપૈયા Papaiyā
Pear
పియర్ Piyar
ಪಿಯರ್ Piyar
PEAR
પિઅર Pi'ara
Pineapple
అనాస పండు Anāsa paṇḍu
ಅನಾನಸ್ Anānas
अननस Ananasa
અનેનાસ Anēnāsa
Pomegranate
దానిమ్మ Dānim'ma
ದಾಳಿಂಬೆ Dāḷimbe
डाळिंब Ḍāḷimba
દાડમ Dāḍama
Sapota
సపోటా SapoTa
ಸಪೋಟ SapoTa
सपोट sapota
સપોટ sapota
Starfruit
స్టార్ పండు Sṭār paṇḍu
ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ ಹಣ್ಣು Nakṣatra haṇṇu
तारा फळ Tārā phaḷa
તારો ફળ Tārō phaḷa
Sweetlime
స్వీట్ లైమ్ Svīṭ laim
ಸಿಹಿ ಸುಣ್ಣ Sihi suṇṇa
गोड लिंबू Gōḍa limbū
મીઠી લાઈમ Mīṭhī lā'īma
Watermelon
పుచ్చకాయ Puccakāya
ಕಲ್ಲಂಗಡಿ Kallaṅgaḍi
टरबूज Ṭarabūja
તરબૂચ Tarabūca
List of Fruit names in English , Telugu , Marathi , Gujarati Language
Apricot Fruit is named as నేరేడు Nērēḍu in telugu , ಏಪ್ರಿಕಾಟ್ Ēprikāṭ in kannada जर्दाळू Jardāḷū in marathi and જરદાળુ Jaradāḷu in Gujarati language.
Apple Fruit is named as ఆపిల్ Āpil in telugu , ಆಪಲ್ Āpal in kannada ऍपल Ĕpala in marathi and સફરજન Sapharajana in Gujarati language.
Avocado (Butter fruit) Fruit is named as అవోకాడో Avōkāḍō in telugu , ಆವಕಾಡೊ Āvakāḍo in kannada अॅव्हॅकॅडो A̔ĕvhĕkĕḍō in marathi and એવોકેડો Ēvōkēḍō in Gujarati language.
Banana Fruit is named as అరటి Araṭi in telugu , ಬಾಳೆಹಣ್ಣು Bāḷehaṇṇu in kannada केळ्या Kēḷyā in marathi and બનાના Banānā in Gujarati language.
Blueberry Fruit is named as బ్లూబెర్రీ Blūberrī in telugu , ಬೆರಿಹಣ್ಣಿನ Berihaṇṇina in kannada ब्ल्यूबेरी Blyūbērī in marathi and બ્લુબેરી Blubērī in Gujarati language.
Cantaloupe Fruit is named as కాంటాలోప్ Kāṇṭālōp in telugu , ಕ್ಯಾಂಟಲೋಪ್ Kyāṇṭalōp in kannada कांटोलूप Kāṇṭōlūpa in marathi and કેન્ટાલોપ Kēnṭālōpa in Gujarati language.
Coconut Fruit is named as కొబ్బరి Kobbari in telugu , ತೆಂಗಿನ ಕಾಯಿ Teṅgina kāyi in kannada नारळ Nāraḷa in marathi and નારિયેળ Nāriyēḷa in Gujarati language.
Custard Apple Fruit is named as సీతాఫలం Sītāphalaṁ in telugu , ಸೀತಾಫಲ Sītāphala in kannada सीताफळ Sītāphaḷa in marathi and સીતાફળ Sītāphaḷa in Gujarati language.
Fig Fruit is named as అత్తి Atti in telugu , ಅಂಜೂರ An̄jūra in kannada अंजीर An̄jīra in marathi and ફિગ Phiga in Gujarati language.
Gooseberry Fruit is named as ఉన్నత జాతి పండు రకము Unnata jāti paṇḍu rakamu in telugu , ಗೂಸ್ಬೆರ್ರಿ Gūsberri in kannada हिरवी फळे येणारे एक झाड Hiravī phaḷē yēṇārē ēka jhāḍa in marathi and ગૂસબેરી Gūsabērī in Gujarati language.
Grapes Fruit is named as ద్రాక్ష Drākṣa in telugu , ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿಗಳು Drākṣigaḷu in kannada द्राक्षे Drākṣē in marathi and દ્રાક્ષ Drākṣa in Gujarati language.
Guava Fruit is named as జామ Jāma in telugu , ಗೌವಾ Gauvā in kannada पेआवा Pē’āvā in marathi and પેરુ Pēru in Gujarati language.
Jack Fruit is named as పనస Panasa in telugu , ಜ್ಯಾಕ್ಫುಟ್ Jyākphuṭ in kannada फणस Phaṇasa in marathi and જેકફ્રૂટ Jēkaphrūṭa in Gujarati language.
Jambu fruit / bell Fruit is named as పండు పండు Paṇḍu paṇḍu in telugu , ઘંટડી ફળ Ghaṇṭaḍī phaḷa in kannada घंटा फळ Ghaṇṭā phaḷa in marathi and ઘંટડી ફળ Ghaṇṭaḍī phaḷa in Gujarati language.
Lemon Fruit is named as నిమ్మకాయ పండు Nim’makāya paṇḍu in telugu , ನಿಂಬೆ ಹಣ್ಣು Nimbe haṇṇu in kannada लिंबू फळ Limbū phaḷa in marathi and લીંબુ ફળ Līmbu phaḷa in Gujarati language.
Lime Fruit is named as సున్నం పండు Sunnaṁ paṇḍu in telugu , ನಿಂಬೆ ಹಣ್ಣು Nimbe haṇṇu in kannada लिंबू फळ Limbū phaḷa in marathi and ચૂનો ફળ Cūnō phaḷa in Gujarati language.
Mango Fruit is named as మామిడి Māmiḍi in telugu , ಮಾವು Māvu in kannada आंबा Āmbā in marathi and કેરી Kērī in Gujarati language.
Mulberry Fruit is named as మల్బరీ Malbarī in telugu , ಮಲ್ಬೆರಿ Malberi in kannada तुतीची Tutīcī in marathi and શેતૂર Śētūra in Gujarati language.
Musk Melon Fruit is named as మస్క్ మెలోన్ Mask melōn in telugu , ಮಸ್ಕ್ಮೆಲೋನ್ Maskmelōn in kannada Muskmelon in marathi and મસ્કમિલોન Maskamilōna in Gujarati language.
Orange Fruit is named as ఆరెంజ్ Āren̄j in telugu , ಕಿತ್ತಳೆ Kittaḷe in kannada ऑरेंज Ŏrēn̄ja in marathi and નારંગી Nāraṅgī in Gujarati language.
Papaya Fruit is named as బొప్పాయి Boppāyi in telugu , ಪಪಾಯ Papāya in kannada पपई Papa’ī in marathi and પપૈયા Papaiyā in Gujarati language.
Pear Fruit is named as పియర్ Piyar in telugu , ಪಿಯರ್ Piyar in kannada PEAR in marathi and પિઅર Pi’ara in Gujarati language.
Pineapple Fruit is named as అనాస పండు Anāsa paṇḍu in telugu , ಅನಾನಸ್ Anānas in kannada अननस Ananasa in marathi and અનેનાસ Anēnāsa in Gujarati language.
Pomegranate Fruit is named as దానిమ్మ Dānim’ma in telugu , ದಾಳಿಂಬೆ Dāḷimbe in kannada डाळिंब Ḍāḷimba in marathi and દાડમ Dāḍama in Gujarati language.
Sapota Fruit is named as సపోటా SapoTa in telugu , ಸಪೋಟ SapoTa in kannada सपोट sapota in marathi and સપોટ sapota in Gujarati language.
Starfruit Fruit is named as స్టార్ పండు Sṭār paṇḍu in telugu , ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ ಹಣ್ಣು Nakṣatra haṇṇu in kannada तारा फळ Tārā phaḷa in marathi and તારો ફળ Tārō phaḷa in Gujarati language.
Sweetlime Fruit is named as స్వీట్ లైమ్ Svīṭ laim in telugu , ಸಿಹಿ ಸುಣ್ಣ Sihi suṇṇa in kannada गोड लिंबू Gōḍa limbū in marathi and મીઠી લાઈમ Mīṭhī lā’īma in Gujarati language.
Watermelon Fruit is named as పుచ్చకాయ Puccakāya in telugu , ಕಲ್ಲಂಗಡಿ Kallaṅgaḍi in kannada टरबूज Ṭarabūja in marathi and તરબૂચ Tarabūca in Gujarati language.
Fruit names in English,Fruit names in Telugu,Fruit names in Marathi,Fruit names in Gujarati.
It is important that eating sufficient supplement during pregnancy is good for mother as well as the unborn baby. Some fruits need to be avoided during pregnancy because it may harm the growth of baby. In this article, we shall learn some of the fruits that should be avoided during pregnancy.
Fruits need to be avoided during Pregnancy
complication Papaya – uterine contractions Grapes – complication – heat content which may affect the baby Pineapple – softening of the cervix Litchi – might rise the blood sugar level and also puts over weight Strawberries – tonic effect on uterus muscles
Papaya
papaya is a rich source of iron,vitamin and minerals. Unripe papaya include latex content that lead to uterine contractions and result in early labour.Papaya should be avoided by ladies during the second trimester period of pregnancy.
Black grapes
Black grapes is a rich antioxidant packed with lot of essential nutrients with vitamins minerals and lot of antioxidant enzymes. Consuming black drapes during pregnancy create complication since black grapes has heat content that might affect baby and mother uteru’s health. All consumption of black grapes might lead to miscarriage. Black grapes should be definitely avoided during the third trimester period of pregnancy.
Pineapple
Pineapple contain high amount of bromelain. These bromelain enzyme soften the cervix of ladies so it should be definitely avoided during pregnancy. Pineapple also causes diarrhea, dehydration problem in pregnant ladies.
Strawberries
Strawberry is considered to be exceptional,in case of pregnancy.It is said that in some cases strawberries may cause tonic effect on uterus muscles and harms the baby and might lead to miscarriage. Strawberry may lead to some side effects during pregnancy. Eating high amount of strawberry might lead to skin rashes, diarrhea,breathing problems, vomiting sensations.
Litchi
Litchi contain high amount of sugar and high amount of vitamins too.Over consumption of Litchi during pregnancy might rise the blood sugar level and also puts over weight for ladies.So it is much important, in case of litchi how much the quantity you consume during pregnancy.
Star apple
Star apple is meant for its cooling property.Eating too much of Star apple with peel cause constipation in pregnant women.Star apple is also contain acrid substances that harm the health of pregnant ladies.
Peach
Peach fruit packed with high protein, sugar, zinc, pectin sources. Hair of peach should be avoided during pregnancy because it cause skin allergy and throat infections.Eating too much of Peach fruit might lead to bleeding in some case of pregnancy.
Some fruits are considered to be harmful for pregnant ladies when consumed in large quantity are – Plum , Strawberries , Custard-apple, Mango, cucumber, Watermelon, Pear, Cherries.
Tomato is considered to be very essential ingredient in cooking. Tomato can be eaten raw also used in salads to make rich taste. Tomato loaded with rich nutrients,vitamins,minerals maintain ph level of the body. Eating tomato is good for our health and also benefit on so many ways, especially fight against cancer.
Tomato is a good source of vitamin C, potassium, folate and vitamin K,antioxidant – lycopene, which include many health benefits, such as reduce risk of heart disease ,cancer ,Help in Digestion ,Lower Hypertension ,Prevent Urinary Tract Infections.
The Supreme Court classified tomatoes as vegetable since they are used mostly in dinner and not in dessert. This statement concentrated on tax basis and usage basis but not approached scientifically.
Tomato is a Fruit or Vegetable
As per Botanical saying – fruit should possess these characteristic
should be a seed-bearing structure in flowering plants.
should be formed from the ovary after flowering.
should carry seeds.
can be eaten raw.
Vegetables and fruits are rich in vitamins, minerals. But compared to vegetables, fruit are considered to be one step forward in their health benefits. We think that all edible cooking ingredient from plants as vegetables.
As per Culinary – Culinary means ” for cooking ”
Any part of the plant namely fruit, Stems, leaves, roots, flower that is edible for cooking is considered to be vegetable.So as per culinary concept of cooking,tomato is considered as vegetable. Tomato is a Culinary vegetable that supports for cooking as important ingredient. And also Tomatoes can be eaten raw in salads without cooking.
Coming to our discussion Tomato is a Fruit or Vegetable
Yes, Botanically Tomato is a fruit,because
Tomato formed from a flower.
Tomato contains seeds.
Tomato mature ovary of a flowering plant.
Tomato shall be eaten raw.